Describe three ways in which gymnosperms are similar to pteridophytes?

 

Question: Describe three ways in which gymnosperms are similar to pteridophytes?

Gymnosperms and pteridophytes are two groups of plants that share some similarities in their morphology, anatomy and life cycle. Some of the common features are:

- Both have a heteromorphic alternation of generations, with a dominant and independent sporophyte and a reduced and dependent gametophyte.

- Both have a sporophyte that is differentiated into root, stem and leaves. Some of them show  circinate vernation in young leaves, such as Cycas and ferns.

- Both have sporangia  that are formed on specialized leaves called sporophylls. Some of them have sporangia arranged in groups called sorus. such as Cycas and some ferns.

- Both have xylem that is devoid of vessels and phloem that is devoid of companion cells.

- Both have some members that are heterosporous, producing two types of spores: microspores and megaspores. The megaspore is retained within the megasporangium in heterosporous pteridophytes and all gymnosperms.

- Both have gametophytes that develop endosporically, inside the spore wall. The female gametophyte bears the female sex organ called archegonium, which produces an egg cell. The male gametophyte produces male gametes that are flagellated and motile in some gymnosperms (such as Cycas and Ginkgo) and some pteridophytes.

- Both have a distinct embryo that forms after fertilization, which is endoscopic in many pteridophytes and all gymnosperms.

These are some of the ways in which gymnosperms are similar to pteridophytes.

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