Describe the factors affecting enzyme action?

Question: Describe the factors affecting enzyme action?

Enzymes are biological catalysts that speed up chemical reactions in living cells. They are affected by several factors, such as temperature, pH, substrate concentration, and inhibitors. Temperature affects the kinetic energy and molecular collisions of enzymes and substrates. As temperature increases, the reaction rate increases until an optimum temperature is reached, after which the enzyme denatures and loses its activity. pH affects the charge and shape of enzymes and substrates. Each enzyme has an optimum pH range where it works best, and deviations from this range can reduce its activity or cause denaturation. Substrate concentration affects the availability and binding of substrates to enzyme active sites. As substrate concentration increases, the reaction rate increases until all enzyme active sites are occupied, reaching a maximum rate. Inhibitors are molecules that interfere with enzyme activity by binding to the enzyme or changing its shape. They can be competitive or non-competitive, depending on whether they bind to the same site as the substrate or a different site.