Describe secondary growth in sunflower stem?

Question: Describe secondary growth in sunflower stem?

Secondary growth in the sunflower stem involves the development and activity of lateral meristems, specifically the vascular cambium and cork cambium. The vascular cambium is responsible for producing secondary xylem (wood) towards the inside of the stem and secondary phloem (inner bark) towards the outside. This results in the thickening of the stem and provides mechanical support and efficient transport of water, nutrients, and sugars. The cork cambium, located in the outer layer of the stem, produces cork cells that replace the epidermis, forming a protective layer called the periderm. This periderm helps prevent water loss and protects the stem from external damage. Overall, secondary growth in the sunflower stem enables the plant to grow taller, sturdier, and adapt to environmental conditions as it matures.