Describe all the constituents contained in plasma and their concentrations.
Question: Describe all the constituents contained in plasma and their concentrations.
Plasma is the liquid component of blood that makes up approximately 55% of the total blood volume. It contains a variety of constituents, including water, proteins, electrolytes, nutrients, hormones, waste products, and gases. Here are some of the main constituents found in plasma and their approximate concentrations:
1. Water: Water makes up the majority of plasma and accounts for about 90-92% of its volume.
2. Proteins:
- Albumin: It is the most abundant protein in plasma and contributes to maintaining osmotic pressure. Its concentration is around 35-50 g/L.
- Globulins: These include alpha, beta, and gamma globulins, which play roles in immune function and transport. The total globulin concentration is around 25-35 g/L.
- Fibrinogen: It is involved in blood clotting. Its concentration is around 2-4 g/L.
3. Electrolytes:
- Sodium (Na+): It is the most abundant cation in plasma, with a concentration of about 135-145 mmol/L.
- Potassium (K+): It is present in smaller amounts compared to sodium, with a concentration of about 3.5-5.0 mmol/L.
- Chloride (Cl-): It is the most abundant anion in plasma and has a concentration of about 95-105 mmol/L.
- Calcium (Ca2+): It is involved in various physiological processes, with a concentration of about 2.2-2.6 mmol/L.
4. Nutrients:
- Glucose: It serves as an important energy source, with a concentration of about 4.5-6.0 mmol/L.
- Amino Acids: These are the building blocks of proteins and have varying concentrations depending on dietary intake and metabolic processes.
- Lipids: Plasma contains various lipids, including cholesterol and triglycerides, which play roles in energy storage and cell membrane structure.
5. Hormones:
- Various hormones are present in plasma, such as insulin, cortisol, thyroid hormones, and sex hormones, each with their own specific concentrations.
6. Waste Products:
- Urea: It is a byproduct of protein metabolism, with a concentration of about 2.5-7.8 mmol/L.
- Creatinine: It is produced during muscle metabolism, with a concentration of about 53-97 µmol/L.
- Uric Acid: It is a product of purine metabolism, with a concentration of about 150-420 µmol/L.
7. Gases:
- Oxygen (O2) and Carbon Dioxide (CO2): These gases are transported by plasma in the form of dissolved O2 and bicarbonate ions (HCO3-).
It's important to note that the concentrations provided are approximate and can vary depending on various factors such as age, health status, and individual variations.
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