How was the mahalwari system different from the permanent settlement class 8?
Question: How was the mahalwari system different from the permanent settlement class 8?
The Mahalwari system and the Permanent Settlement were two different systems of land revenue collection implemented by the British in India. Here are some key differences between the two systems:
Origin: The Permanent Settlement was introduced by Lord Cornwallis in 1793 in Bengal, Bihar, and Orissa, while the Mahalwari system was introduced by Holt Mackenzie in 1822 and was reviewed under Lord William Bentinck in 1833.
Revenue Collection: In the Permanent Settlement, the land revenue was fixed and collected by Zamindars, who acted as intermediaries between the government and the cultivators. In contrast, under the Mahalwari system, the land revenue was not fixed and was collected directly by the government from the village headman.
Land Ownership: Under the Permanent Settlement, Zamindars were given permanent rights over their land and could collect rent from the cultivators. In contrast, under the Mahalwari system, villagers collectively owned the land and shared its use and benefits.
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