Describe the genetic mutations that you think occurred in the cancer cells that were responsible for the phenotypic differences between the normal and cancer cells you observed.
Question: Describe the genetic mutations that you think occurred in the cancer cells that were responsible for the phenotypic differences between the normal and cancer cells you observed.
In this blog post, I will describe the genetic mutations that I think occurred in the cancer cells that were responsible for the phenotypic differences between the normal and cancer cells I observed. Cancer cells are abnormal cells that have acquired the ability to grow uncontrollably, invade other tissues, and resist apoptosis. These characteristics are often associated with changes in the DNA of the cells, such as mutations, deletions, insertions, translocations, or amplifications.
One of the phenotypic differences I noticed between the normal and cancer cells was the size and shape of the nuclei. The cancer cells had larger and more irregular nuclei than the normal cells, which indicated that they had more DNA content and chromosomal instability. This could be caused by mutations in genes that regulate DNA replication, repair, or segregation, such as TP53, BRCA1, BRCA2, or ATR.
Another phenotypic difference I observed was the metabolic activity of the cells. The cancer cells consumed more glucose and produced more lactate than the normal cells, even in the presence of oxygen. This is known as the Warburg effect, and it reflects the increased energy demand and biosynthesis of the cancer cells. This could be caused by mutations in genes that regulate glycolysis, such as PIK3CA, AKT1, or PTEN.
A third phenotypic difference I noticed was the ability of the cancer cells to form colonies in soft agar, which is a measure of anchorage-independent growth. The normal cells required a solid surface to attach and grow, while the cancer cells could grow without any attachment. This suggested that they had lost contact inhibition and acquired anoikis resistance. This could be caused by mutations in genes that regulate cell adhesion, such as E-cadherin, beta-catenin, or integrins.
These are some of the genetic mutations that I think occurred in the cancer cells that were responsible for the phenotypic differences between the normal and cancer cells I observed. Of course, there could be other mutations that I did not detect or consider, and each cancer type may have a different set of mutations that drive its development and progression. Therefore, it is important to use various methods and tools to analyze the genomic landscape of cancer cells and understand their molecular mechanisms.
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